The terms Halbi, Ho, and Kui pertain to tribal languages in India. Halbi is spoken by the Halba tribe in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, Ho is spoken by the Ho tribe in Jharkhand, and Kui is spoken by the Kui tribe in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. These languages belong to the Austroasiatic language family and are recognized by the Indian government as scheduled languages. The government has taken several measures to preserve and promote these tribal languages, including the establishment of language academies, the publication of textbooks and literature, and the inclusion of tribal languages in the school curriculum.

Under the Indian Constitution, concentration of wealth violates the Directive Principles of State Policy. The Directive Principles are a set of guidelines given to the government to be followed while framing policies and making laws. These principles are non-justiciable, meaning that they cannot be enforced by the courts, but they serve as a moral and ethical compass for the government.

Article 39 of the Directive Principles of State Policy states that the distribution of material resources should be such as to subserve the common good. It further provides that the State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as to best serve the common good.

Concentration of wealth in a few hands can lead to economic inequality and social injustice, which is against the principle of securing the distribution of resources to serve the common good. Therefore, the Indian Constitution aims to prevent the concentration of wealth and ensure a more equitable distribution of resources, which is in line with the Directive Principles of State Policy.

The Ashtapradhan was a council of ministers in the Maratha administration. It was established by Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire in India. The council of eight ministers had specific portfolios and was responsible for the governance of the empire. The eight ministers were responsible for various areas of administration, such as finance, foreign affairs, justice, military, and internal security. The council was headed by a Peshwa, who was the prime minister and chief advisor to the king. The Ashtapradhan system was instrumental in the efficient and effective governance of the Maratha Empire.

प्रथम विश्व युद्ध (First World War) में अमेरिका शामिल हुआ था वर्ष 1917 में। इससे पहले अमेरिका ने इस युद्ध में भाग नहीं लिया था। लेकिन जर्मन सुधारणात्मक राजनीतिक और सामाजिक आंदोलनों के चलते यूरोप में सिर्फ़ एक युद्ध हो गया था। संघर्ष नेतृत्व के प्रति अमेरिकी समर्थन बढ़ता था, इसलिए अमेरिका ने अंततः 6 अप्रैल 1917 को जर्मनी के खिलाफ युद्ध घोषित किया था। अमेरिकी संगठन ने युद्ध के इस महत्वपूर्ण चरण में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई और इसके बाद अमेरिकी संगठन ने विश्व की एक बड़ी शक्ति के रूप में विकास किया।

The philosopher who suggested Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, and Justice as four ‘cardinal virtues’ is Plato.

Plato was a Greek philosopher who lived in Athens in the 4th century BCE. In his work, the Republic, Plato discusses the concept of justice and argues that a just society is one in which every individual performs their appropriate role based on their abilities.

As a part of this discussion, Plato suggests four cardinal virtues that individuals should cultivate in order to lead a virtuous life and contribute to a just society. These virtues are Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, and Justice.

Wisdom is the virtue of understanding the fundamental truths about the world and ourselves. It involves using reason and intellect to make sound judgments and decisions.

Courage is the virtue of facing fear and adversity with bravery and determination. It involves taking risks when necessary and standing up for what is right, even in the face of opposition.

Temperance is the virtue of self-control and moderation. It involves exercising restraint and discipline in all aspects of life, including food, drink, and pleasure.

Justice is the virtue of treating others fairly and equitably. It involves respecting the rights and dignity of all individuals and contributing to the common good.

Overall, Plato believed that cultivating these four cardinal virtues is essential for leading a virtuous life and contributing to a just society. His ideas have had a significant influence on Western philosophy and continue to be studied and discussed today.